Dental cavities (caries) develop when acid-producing bacteria in plaque dissolve tooth enamel, creating small holes that progressively deepen without treatment. This decay process is fueled by frequent sugar consumption and inadequate oral hygiene. Early cavities may cause no symptoms, while deeper decay can cause sensitivity to sweet, hot, or cold foods, visible holes, and eventually toothache when reaching the inner pulp. Prompt treatment is essential as decay continues to progress until removed, potentially leading to infection, abscess, and tooth loss if left untreated. Treatment varies based on severity: early lesions may be treated with fluoride to remineralize enamel; established cavities require fillings (composite resin, porcelain, or amalgam); extensive decay may need crowns; and decay reaching the pulp requires root canal therapy. Mexican dentists typically use the same high-quality filling materials as US practices but at 50-70% lower costs, making cavity treatment during travel both affordable and convenient.

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